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+# README - Dynamic Sparse Data Exchange Example
+
+## Description
+*Dynamic Sparce Data Exchange* (DSDE), is a problem central to many HPC applicaitons, such as graph computations (e.g. breadth firsrt search), sparse matrix computations with sparsity mutations, and **particle codes**.
+
+It occurs in situations, where:
+ * Each process has a set of data items to send a small number of other processes.
+ * The destination processes typically do not know how much they will receive from which other process.
+ * In addition, the send-to relations are changing dynamically and are somewhat localized.
+
+This code sample demonstrates:
+ * How to implement DSDE using a **non-blocking barrier**, i.e. `MPI_Ibarrier` which is new in MPI-3, together with non-blocking point-to-point communications.
+ * How to use MPI-Datatypes to **send and receive structured strided data** directly, avoiding send and receive buffer packing and unpacking.
+ * How to provide a **custom reduce operation** to `MPI_Reduce`.
+ * How to use a **cartesian topology** for MPI communication.
+
+The code sample is structured as follows:
+ * `configuration.c`, `configuration.h`: Command-line parsing and basic logging facilities.
+ * `main.c`: The main program.
+ * `mpicomm.c`, `mpicomm.h`: **Probably the most interesting part**, implementing the core message-passing functionality:
+   * `mpi_communicate_particles_dynamic`: Implementation of DSDE using `MPI_Ibarrier`, `MPI_Issend`, `MPI_IProbe` and `MPI_Recv`.
+   * `mpi_communicate_particles_collective`: Implementation of DSDE using `MPI_Alltoall` (exchange of message sizes) and `MPI_Alltoallw` (exchange of particle data). Expected to be not as scalable as the first implementation.
+   * `mpi_reduce_sim_info`: Reduction for simulation statistics (min./max. particles per processor domain, max. velocity, etc.)
+ * `mpitypes.c`, `mpitypes.h`: Code for initialization of custom MPI-Datatypes.
+   * `mpitype_part_init_send`: Creates MPI-Datatype for sending structured strided particle data.
+   * `mpitpye_part_init_recv`: Creates MPI-Datatype for receiving strucutred particle data in contiguous blocks.
+ * `particles.c`, `particles.h`: Code for maintaining the particle data structure.
+ * `random.c`, `random.h`: Helper functions for initializing particle data with random values.
+ * `simulation.c`, `simulation.h`:
+
+## Release Date
+2016-01-18
+
+## Version History
+ * 2016-01-18: Initial Release on PRACE CodeVault repository
+
+## Contributors
+ * Thomas Ponweiser - [thomas.ponweiser@risc-software.at](mailto:thomas.ponweiser@risc-software.at)
+
+## Copyright
+This code is available under APACHE-2 Licence, see also the license file in the CodeVault root directory.
+
+## Languages
+This sample is entirely written in C.
+
+## Parallelisation
+This sample uses MPI-3 for parallelisation.
+
+## Level of the code sample complexity
+Intermediate / Advanced
+
+## Compiling
+In order to build the sample, only a working MPI implementation supporting MPI-3 must be available. To compile, simply run:
+
+    make 
+
+If you need to use a MPI wrapper compiler other than `mpicc`, e.g. `mpiicc`, type:
+
+    make MPICC=mpiicc
+
+In order to specify further compilation flags, e.g. `-g`, type:
+
+    make CFLAGS="-g"
+
+## Running
+To run the program, use something similar to
+
+    mpirun -n [nprocs] ./dsde -x [nx] -y [ny]
+
+either on the command line or in your batch script, where `nx` and `ny` specify the number of cells in a two-dimensional grid in x- and y-direction respectively such that `nx` * `ny` = `nprocs`. If one of `-x` or `-y` is ommitted, `ny` or `nx` is determined automatically.
+
+### Further Command line arguments
+ * `-v [0-3]`: Specify the output verbosity level - 0: OFF; 1: INFO (Default); 2: DEBUG; 3: TRACE;
+ * `-d [rank]`: Debug MPI process with specified rank. Enables debug output for the specified rank (otherwise only output of rank 0 is written) and, if compiled with `-CFLAGS="DDEBUG_ATTACH"`, enables a waiting loop for the specified rank which allows to attach a debugger.
+ * `--use-cart-topo`: Use MPI Communicator with cartesian topology (according to `nx` and `ny`) for all MPI communications. If supported, this allows MPI a better mapping of ranks to the physical hardware topology.
+ * `--collective`: Use collective operations for DSDE, i.e. `MPI_Alltoall`for exchanging message sizes and `MPI_Alltoallw` for exchanging particle data.
+ * `--dynamic`: Use more sophisticated communication scheme for DSDE, i.e. `MPI_Issend`, `MPI_IProbe`, `MPI_Ibarrier`. 
+ * `-x [nx]`: Number of cells (processes) in x-direction.
+ * `-y [ny]`: Number of cells (processes) in y-direction.
+ * `-i [iterations]`*: Number of iterations for the particle simulation; Default: 100.
+ * `-n [particles-per-cell]`*: Number of particles per cell or process (initial); Default: 16k (= 16 * 1024).
+ * `-N [particles-total]`*: Number of particles in total (handy for strong-scalability analyses).
+ * `-V [max-velocity]`: Maximum magnitude of initial particle velocity; Default: 1 (= 1 cell width / time unit).
+ *  * `-t [delta-t]`: Time delta for simulation step; Default: 1.
+ * `-m [min-mass]`: Minimum particle mass; Default: 1.
+ * `-M [max-mass]`: Maximum particle mass; Default: 1.
+ * `-F [max-random-force]`: Maximum magnitude of random force applied to each particle in each iteration; Default: 0 (Disabled).
+
+Large numbers as arguments to the options `-i`, `-n` or `-N` can be suffixed with 'k' or 'M'. For example, `-n 16k` specifies 16 * 1024 particles per cell; `-N 1M` specifies 1024 * 1024 (~1 million) particles in total.
+
+### Example
+
+If you run
+
+    mpirun -n 16 ./dsde -x 4 -N 1M --collective --use-cart-topo
+    
+the command line output should look similar to
+
+```
+Configuration:
+ * Verbosity level:         INFO (1)
+ * Use MPI Cart. Topology:  YES
+ * Transmission mode:       Collective - MPI_Alltoall / MPI_Alltoallw
+ * Number of cells:         4 x 4
+ * Particles per cell:      65536
+ * Init. Velocity max:      1.000000
+ * Timestep:                1.000000
+ * Particle mass (min-max): 1.000000 - 1.000000
+ * Max. random force:       0.000000
+
+INFO: MPI reordered ranks: NO
+
+Simulation status (initial):
+ * Number of particles (total):  1048576
+ * Particles per cell (min-max): 65536 - 65536
+ * Max. velocity:                1.000000
+
+Simulation satus (final):
+ * Number of particles (total):  1048576
+ * Particles per cell (min-max): 65111 - 66072
+ * Max. velocity:                1.000000
+```